The Vietnamese phrase Nhân vô thập toàn — “no person is perfect in all ten” — refers not to arbitrary perfection, but to the Ten Virtues (Paramita) from Buddhist philosophy:
- Equanimity — letting go, without attachment or aversion
- Discipline — the Five Precepts governing ethical conduct
- Wisdom — understanding from listening, observation, and meditation
- Diligence — mental strength and unwavering commitment
- Tolerance — forgiveness and forbearance
- Determination — overcoming obstacles through resolve
- Truthfulness — alignment between words and actions
- Compassion — loving-kindness without attachment
- Patience — endurance through difficulty
- Generosity — selfless service without ulterior motives
To fully embody all ten is enlightenment. The rest of us are simply works in progress.